The doubly labeled water method provides an objective and accurate measure of total energy expenditure in free-living subjects and is considered the gold-standard method for this measurement. Its use, however, is limited by the need to employ isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to obtain the high-precision isotopic abundance analyses needed to optimize the dose of expensive 18…
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was unprecedented in total loading of petroleum hydrocarbons accidentally released to a marine ecosystem. Controversial application of chemical dispersants presumably accelerated microbial consumption of oil components, especially in warm Gulf of Mexico surface waters. We employed δ13C as a tracer of oil-derived carbon to resolve two periods of…
Methane was the most abundant hydrocarbon released during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Beyond relevancy to this anthropogenic event, this methane release simulates a rapid and relatively short-term natural release from hydrates into deepwater. Based on methane and oxygen distributions measured at 207 stations throughout the affected region, we find that within…
Bats are one of the most successful mammalian groups, even though their foraging activities are restricted to the hours of twilight and night-time. Some studies suggested that bats became nocturnal because of overheating when flying in daylight. This is because—in contrast to feathered wings of birds—dark and naked wing membranes of bats efficiently absorb short-wave solar radiation. We…
We investigated the moisture origin and contribution of different water sources to surface runoff entering the headwaters of the Heihe River basin on the basis of NECP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) re-analysis data and variations in the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD and δ18O) of…
Direct quantification of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) in atmospheric samples can be used to examine several carbon cycle and air quality questions. We collected in situ CO2, CO, and CH4 measurements and flask samples in the boundary layer and free troposphere over Sacramento, California, USA, during two aircraft flights over…
Monitoring is essential for the approval and control of geological storage of carbon dioxide and to judge the effectiveness of the technology in mitigating CO2 emissions and climate change. We present a strategy for monitoring the atmosphere in the vicinity of a geological storage project that is designed to detect and quantify potential emissions. The strategy includes…
CO2 was injected into a coal fire burning at a depth of 15 m in the subsurface in southwestern Colorado, USA. Measurements were made of the 13CO2 isotopic signature of gas exhaust from an observation well and two surface fissures. The goal of the test was to determine (1) whether CO2 with a distinct isotopic signature could be used as a tracer to…
A portable stable carbon isotope ratio analyzer for carbon dioxide, based on wavelength scanned cavity ringdown spectroscopy, has been used to detect, locate, and characterize an intentional leakage of CO2 from an underground pipeline at the ZERT experimental facility in Bozeman, Montana. Rapid (1 h) walking surveys of the 100 m x 100 m site surrounding the…
The potential of a continuous wave cavity ringdown spectrometer for monitoring the isotope ratio 13CO2/12CO2 and the partial pressure pCO2 of CO2 dissolved in water was thoroughly analyzed by quantitative measurements. Running calibration gas standards under typical operation conditions, a elative accuracy of D(d13C[CO2]) = ±0.1‰…
We used metabolic tracers and modeling to analyze the response of soil metabolism to a sudden temperature change from 4 to 20 °C. We hypothesized that intact soil microbial communities would exhibit shifts in pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis activity as observed for individual microorganisms in pure culture, and that increased maintenance respiration at…
The hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of water vapor can be measured with commercially available laser spectroscopy analyzers in real time. Operation of the laser systems in relatively dry air is difficult because measurements are non-linear as a function of humidity at low water concentrations. Here we use field-based sampling coupled with traditional mass spectrometry techniques for…
For anchoring CO2 isotopic measurements on the δ18OVPD-CO2 scale, the primary reference material (NBS 19 calcite) needs to be digested using concentrated ortho-phosphoric acid. During this procedure, great care must be taken to ensure that the isotopic composition of the liberated gas is accurate. Apart from controlling the reaction temperature to ±0.1°C, the potential for oxygen isotope…
We used metabolic tracers and modeling to analyze the response of soil metabolism to a sudden temperature change from 4 to 20 °C. We hypothesized that intact soil microbial communities would exhibit shifts in pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis activity as observed for individual microorganisms in pure culture, and that increased maintenance respiration at higher temperature would…
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a new and evolving technology that shows great promise for isotopic δ(18)O and δ(2)H analyses of pore water from equilibrated headspace H(2)O vapor from environmental and geologic cores. We show that naturally occurring levels of CH(4) can seriously interfere with CRDS spectra, leading to erroneous δ(18)O and δ(2)H results for water. We created a new…
A new technique for high-resolution simultaneous isotopic analysis of δ18O and δD in liquid water is presented. A continuous stream flash evaporator has been designed that is able to vapourise a stream of liquid water in a continuous mode and deliver a stable and finely controlled water vapour sample to a commercially available infrared cavity ring-down spectrometer.…
A new technique for on-line high resolution isotopic analysis of liquid water, tailored for ice core studies is presented. We built an interface between a Wavelength Scanned Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer (WS-CRDS) purchased from Picarro Inc. and a Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) system. The system offers the possibility to perform simultaneuous water isotopic…
Over the last century, many grasslands worldwide have transitioned from a graminoid to atree/shrub-dominated state in a short period of time, a phenomenon referred to as woody encroachment.Positive feedbacks and bi-stability are thought to be important drivers of woody encroachment, but there islittle empirical evidence to suggest that positive feedbacks accelerate the woody encroachment of…
In this study, we used oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope data from human bone (δ18O) and modern environmental water samples (δ18O and δD) to investigate geographic origins of individuals buried at Cahuachi, a ceremonial centre in the Nasca region of Peru (c.AD1-1000). Our objective was to characterise the natural variation in water stable…
Water vapor in the subtropical troposphere plays an important role in the radiative balance, the distribution of precipitation, and the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere. Measurements of the water vapor mixing ratio paired with stable isotope ratios provide unique information on transport processes and moisture sources that is not available with mixing ratio data alone. Measurements…
Hydrogen isotope values (δD) of sedimentary aquatic and terrestrial lipid biomarkers, originating from algae, bacteria, and leaf wax, have been used to record isotopic properties of ancient source water (i.e., precipitation and/or lake water) in several mid- and high-latitude lacustrine environments. In the tropics, however, where both processes associated with…
There are many viewpoints about the sources of groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert (BJD), such as precipitation and snowmelt from the Qilian Mountains (the upper reaches [UR] of the Heihe River Basin [HRB]) and precipitation from the BJD and the Yabulai Mountains. To understand the source of the groundwater of the BJD and their…
Carbonate, cellulose, and bulk organic isotope data from varved sediments of Deep Lake (Minnesota) provide a record of paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic change during the deglacial–Holocene transition from 12,000 to 7500 cal BP. Deep Lake became enriched in 18O in response to increased influence of maritime tropical moisture from the Gulf of Mexico…
Leaf waxes protect terrestrial plants from biotic and abiotic stresses and are important sedimentary biomarkers for terrestrial plants. Thus, understanding the production and ablation of leaf waxes is critical in plant physiology and for geochemical studies. However, there have been no accurate approaches to quantify leaf wax production at different time scales. In this study, we…
oncern exists about the suitability of laser spectroscopic instruments for the measurement of the (18)O/(16)O and (2)H/(1)H values of liquid samples other than pure water. It is possible to derive erroneous isotope values due to optical interference by certain organic compounds, including some commonly present in ecosystem-derived samples such as leaf or soil waters. Here we…
Quantifying the processes that control dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) dynamics in aquatic systems is essential for progress in ecosystem carbon budgeting. The development of a methodology that allows high-resolution temporal data collection over prolonged periods is essential and is described in this study.…
A novel sampling device suitable for continuous, unattended field monitoring of rapid isotopic changes in environmental waters is described. The device utilises diffusion through porous PTFE tubing to deliver water vapour continuously from a liquid water source for analysis of δ18O and δD values by Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometry (CRDS). Separation of the…
Presentation Description:
The NOAA ESRL GMD Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group’s aircraft network consists of 18 sites, mostly in North America, that conduct bi-weekly flask sampling over given locations to altitudes of 8000 m above sea level (masl). Most sites sample 12 flasks during an altitude profile, and through collaboration with GMD’s Ozone group, many…
We developed a method to measure in situ the isotopic composition of liquid water with minimal supervision and, most important, with a temporal resolution of less than a minute. For this purpose a microporous hydrophobic membrane contactor (Membrana) was combined with an isotope laser spectrometer (Picarro). The contactor, originally…
Background. The diffusion of high-performance analytical technology has opened prospects for breath diagnosis as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. In this study, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) techniques were used to analyse ammonia gas (NH3) in real-time in breath from patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) treatment and any correlation with blood…
The suite of measurement methods available to characterize fluxes between groundwater and surface water is rapidly growing. However, there are few studies that examine approaches to design of field investigations that include multiple methods. We propose that performing field measurements in a spatially telescoping sequence improves measurement flexibility and accounts for nested…
The mechanisms allowing the rapid release of stored water to streams are poorly understood. Here we use a tile drained field site to combine naturally structured soils at the hillslope scale with the advantage of at least partly controlled lower boundary conditions. We performed a series of three irrigation experiments combining hydrometric measurements with stable…
The Amazon River is a huge network of long tributaries, and little is known about the headwaters. Here we present a study of one wet tropical Amazon forest side, and one dry and cold Atiplano plateau, originating from the same cordillera. The aim is to see how this difference affects the water characteristics.
Different kind of water (spring,…
We present a 1-year long representative δ18O record of water vapor (δ18Ov) in Niamey (Niger) using the Wavelength Scanned-Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (WS-CRDS). We explore how local and regional atmospheric processes influence δ18Ov variability from seasonal to diurnal scale. At seasonal scale, δ18O…
Understanding leaf wax regeneration and recycling is crucial for plant physiology and paleoclimate studies. However, our recent isotope labeling experiments on a grass species (Phleum pratense) yielded different conclusions from published data on a tree species (Populus trichocarpa), with the…
The Neogene Guantao formation in the Beitang sag in the Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) of North China, a Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary basin of continental origin, has been chosen as a candidate for a pilot field test of CO2 sequestration. Hydrogeological and geochemical investigations have been carried out to assess its suitability, taking advantage of many existing geothermal wells…
Variations of stable water isotopes in water vapour have become measurable at a measurement frequency of about 1 Hz in recent years using novel laser spectroscopic techniques. This enables us to perform continuous measurements for process-based investigations of the atmospheric water cycle at the time scales relevant for synoptic meteorology. An important prerequisite for the interpretation…
The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground-based remote…
Soil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain-fed loess-terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine…
The lapse rate of water isotopes is used in the study of the hydrologic cycle as well as in the estimation of uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The greater elevation contrast in the southern Himalayas allows for a detailed discussion about this lapse rate. We analyze variations of δ 18O in precipitation and river water between 1320 m and 6700 m…
Attributing observed CO2 variations to human or natural cause is critical to deducing and tracking emissions from observations. We have used in situ CO2, CO, and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) measurements recorded during the CalNex-LA (CARB et al., 2008) ground campaign of 15 May–15 June 2010, in Pasadena, CA, to deduce the diurnally varying anthropogenic…
his study presents observations of atmospheric boundary layer CO2 mole fraction from a nine-tower regional network deployed during the North American Carbon Program's Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) during 2007–2009. The MCI region is largely agricultural, with well-documented carbon exchange available via agricultural inventories. By…
The Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) took place in the Sacramento Valley of California in summer 2010. We present results obtained at Cool, CA, the T1 site of the project (~40 km downwind of urban emissions from Sacramento), where we deployed an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) in parallel with complementary…
The multispecies analysis of daily air samples collected at the NOAA BoulderAtmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Weld County in northeastern Colorado since 2007shows highly correlated alkane enhancements caused by a regionally distributed mixof sources in the Denver-Julesburg Basin. To further characterize the emissions of methaneand non-methane hydrocarbons (propane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-…
Purpose
The impact of CO2 urban plume in a rural area was investigated by concentrations recorded near surface.
Methods
CO2 dry concentrations at three levels near surface were recorded for about 8 months at a rural site. Daily cycles were obtained and directional analysis was made with…
Gravel excavation often bears conflicts with the use of drinking water as under-water-table mining can directly impact groundwater quality downstream of the open gravel pit lake due to exposure of the groundwater aquifer to the atmosphere and to human activities. To assess this potential impact of GPLs on groundwater, we assessed the mass balance for nitrate (NO3…
There is a close relationship between surface water and groundwater in semi-arid and arid areas of China, and thus researching on the interactions of them is of importance for reasonable water resources development. This paper took Bulang River basin as case study, analysis and discussion were conducted to water chemistry and isotopes tests results of water samples. The results show that…
English
简体中文
Deutsch
