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The extent of grounded ice and buttressing by the Ronne Ice Shelf, which provides resistance to the outflow of ice streams, moderate West Antarctic Ice Sheet stability. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the ice sheet advanced and was grounded near the Weddell Sea continental shelf break. The timing of subsequent ice sheet retreat and the relative roles of ice shelf buttressing and grounding line changes remain unresolved. Here we use an ice core record from grounded ice at Skytrain Ice Rise to constrain the timing and speed of early Holocene ice sheet retreat.

The stable isotope compositions of water (d18O, d2H, deuterium-excess) are important tracers that help illuminate the changing Arctic water cycle and how Arctic-sourced water can influence lower latitudes. We present simultaneous boundary layer water vapor and ocean water isotope data that were measured continuously in the western Arctic Ocean. Sea surface water isotopes varied between the shallower continental Chukchi Shelf and the deeper Chukchi Borderlands to the north.

Emissions from thousands of in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks were sampled at a highway and an arterial street location in the San Francisco Bay Area, spanning a time period when use of diesel particle filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) increased rapidly. At the highway site where a diverse mix of trucks is observed, SCR systems on 2010 and newer engines reduce emitted nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 87 ± 5% relative to pre-2004 engines. SCR also mitigates DPF-related increases in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions.

This poster highlights a case study on the impacts of wildfire emissions in Canada on the Carolinas and Virginia. It features some really interesting findings comparing the Picarro G2307’s formaldehyde measurements to those from the EPA National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) Network. It shows that by correcting for drift over time, a lower detection limit and improved accuracy in different ambient outdoor and indoor air matrices are achievable with G2307.

Ammonia (NH3) is the highest abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere, and it is a major contributor to total reactive nitrogen in the environment and causes long-term climate change problems. NH3 is also a hazardous pollutant with detrimental impacts on human health that demands strict control over personal exposure levels. High-precision quantification of NH3 is demanded for routine monitoring, regulation compliance, and migration needs.

The Caddy Continuous Flow Interface has previously been used to connect available solid and
liquid bulk sample preparation instruments—including the Picarro Combustion Module—to
Picarro analyzers for high-precision carbon isotope (13C) measurements.

Picarro is happy to announce the AutoMate Prep Device from AutoMate FX as the Caddy’s
newest pairing. The Caddy’s fully automated, low-cost, and simple operation will take
advantage of the newest AutoMate Prep Device design improvements to bring together
increased data quality and reduced interface complexity.

Anthropogenic emissions from traffic and industrial activities and their impact on air quality are a major concern in urban areas. The concentration of the air pollutants from these sources is typically measured with stationary air quality monitors, which are often limited in number. In addition, these stationary measurements often prove inadequate in representing the emission scenarios of the entire city due to the large spatial variability of these pollutants in urban environments.

In this poster, Picarro shares research and recommended best practices for using Picarro water isotope analyzers to measure highly enriched and depleted δ2H water isotope samples. These tips will be especially helpful for hydrological tracer studies and kinesiological applications. The experiments show how the Picarro water isotope analyzers’ Express Mode helps to address the memory effect and the spectroscopic limits of the analyzer without compromising precision, accuracy, or throughput time.

The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition (δ2 H and δ18O values) of mineral hydration waters can give information on the environment of mineral formation. Here we present and validate an approach for the stable isotope analysis of mineral hydration waters based on coupling a thermogravimetric analyzer with a laserbased isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy instrument (Picarro L-2130i), which we abbreviate as TGA-IRIS.

Rationale: Water vapor exposure experiments have applications for studying water physisorption and chemisorption hydration and hydroxylation reactions on a wide variety of material surfaces. The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in the water molecule are useful tracers of water exchange mechanisms and/or rates in such vapor exposure experiments.

When exposed to humidity in an oxidizing atmosphere hydrated uranium oxide grows as a secondary mineral on aged U3O8 and may incorporate the oxygen stable isotope signature of the water vapor into the secondary uranium oxide, as well as hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes into any mineral hydration water. Because geospatial variation in δ2 H and δ18O values of atmospheric humidity and precipitation is well understood, the H and O stable isotope composition of mineral hydration waters can give information on the environment of mineral formation.

Rationale
The accuracy determined in the routine analysis of water isotopes (δ17O, δ18O, δ2H) using cavity ring-down spectroscopy is greatly affected by the memory effect (ME), a sample-to-sample carryover that biases measurements. This study aims to develop a simple method that rapidly removes the ME.

Rationale
The accuracy determined in the routine analysis of water isotopes (δ17O, δ18O, δ2H) using cavity ring-down spectroscopy is greatly affected by the memory effect (ME), a sample-to-sample carryover that biases measurements. This study aims to develop a simple method that rapidly removes the ME.

An automated system was developed using commercially available Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technology (Picarro LTD., G2508) which was interfaced to a custom-made system which automated the equilibration and analysis of seawater dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4).

Indoor gas-phase radical sources are poorly understood but expected to be much different from outdoors. Several potential radical sources were measured in a windowless, light-emitting diode (LED)-lit room in a college athletic facility over a 2 week period. Alternating measurements between the room air and the supply air of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system allowed an assessment of sources. Use of a chlorine-based cleaner was a source of several photolabile reactive chlorine compounds, including ClNO2 and Cl2.

Indoor gas-phase radical sources are poorly understood but expected to be much different from outdoors. Several potential radical sources were measured in a windowless, light-emitting diode (LED)-lit room in a college athletic facility over a 2 week period. Alternating measurements between the room air and the supply air of the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system allowed an assessment of sources. Use of a chlorine-based cleaner was a source of several photolabile reactive chlorine compounds, including ClNO2 and Cl2.

In early 2020, an international team set out to investigate trade-wind cumulus clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation through the field campaign EUREC4A: ElUcidating the RolE of Clouds-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte. Focused on the western tropical Atlantic near Barbados, EUREC4A deployed a number of innovative observational strategies, including a large network of water isotopic measurements collectively known as EUREC4A-iso, to study the tropical shallow convective environment.

In early 2020, an international team set out to investigate trade-wind cumulus clouds and their coupling to the large-scale circulation through the field campaign EUREC4A: ElUcidating the RolE of Clouds-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte. Focused on the western tropical Atlantic near Barbados, EUREC4A deployed a number of innovative observational strategies, including a large network of water isotopic measurements collectively known as EUREC4A-iso, to study the tropical shallow convective environment.

Atmospheric oxidation is dominated by the OH radical, although Cl atoms can play an important role under certain conditions.

Atmospheric oxidation is dominated by the OH radical, although Cl atoms can play an important role under certain conditions.

Atmospheric oxidation is dominated by the OH radical, although Cl atoms can play an important role under certain conditions.

Ambient 0.5 Hz hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements were made in Canadian cities to investigate chlorine activation and constrain the tropospheric chlorine budget. Springtime HCl mixing ratios in a coastal city (St. John’s, NL) were up to 1200 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) with a median of 63 pptv and were consistently elevated during daytime. High time-resolution measurements allowed the attribution of events to general sources, including direct emissions. Most coastal HCl was related to sea-salt aerosol acid displacement (R1) and chlorine activation.

Ambient 0.5 Hz hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements were made in Canadian cities to investigate chlorine activation and constrain the tropospheric chlorine budget. Springtime HCl mixing ratios in a coastal city (St. John’s, NL) were up to 1200 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) with a median of 63 pptv and were consistently elevated during daytime. High time-resolution measurements allowed the attribution of events to general sources, including direct emissions. Most coastal HCl was related to sea-salt aerosol acid displacement (R1) and chlorine activation.

Reliable, sensitive, and widely available hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements are important for understanding oxidation in many regions of the troposphere. We configured a commercial HCl cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) for sampling HCl in the ambient atmosphere and developed validation techniques to characterize the measurement uncertainties. The CRDS makes fast, sensitive, and robust measurements of HCl in a high-finesse optical cavity coupled to a laser centred at 5739 cm−1.

Reliable, sensitive, and widely available hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements are important for understanding oxidation in many regions of the troposphere. We configured a commercial HCl cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) for sampling HCl in the ambient atmosphere and developed validation techniques to characterize the measurement uncertainties. The CRDS makes fast, sensitive, and robust measurements of HCl in a high-finesse optical cavity coupled to a laser centred at 5739 cm−1.

Total gaseous chlorine (TClg) measurements can improve our understanding of unknown sources of Cl to the atmosphere. Existing techniques for measuring TClg have been limited to offline analysis of extracted filters and do not provide suitable temporal information on fast atmospheric process. We describe high time-resolution in-situ measurements of TClg by combusting ambient air over a heated platinum (Pt) substrate coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS).

Total gaseous chlorine (TClg) measurements can improve our understanding of unknown sources of Cl to the atmosphere. Existing techniques for measuring TClg have been limited to offline analysis of extracted filters and do not provide suitable temporal information on fast atmospheric process. We describe high time-resolution in-situ measurements of TClg by combusting ambient air over a heated platinum (Pt) substrate coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS).

Coastal wetlands play an important role in nitrogen removal and are a vital blue carbon sink. The produced methane (CH4) in coastal wetlands has been recently identified as a possible carbon source for denitrification process, providing a significant contribution to coastal nitrogen cycling. However, the in-situ correlation between CH4 emissions and denitrification rate, as well as their coupling mechanism is still unclear.

Coastal wetlands play an important role in nitrogen removal and are a vital blue carbon sink. The produced methane (CH4) in coastal wetlands has been recently identified as a possible carbon source for denitrification process, providing a significant contribution to coastal nitrogen cycling. However, the in-situ correlation between CH4 emissions and denitrification rate, as well as their coupling mechanism is still unclear.

Ventilation is of primary concern for maintaining healthy indoor air quality and reducing the spread of airborne infectious disease, including COVID-19. In addition to building-level guidelines, increased attention is being placed on room-level ventilation. However, for many universities and schools, ventilation data on a room-byroom basis are not available for classrooms and other key spaces. We present an overview of approaches for measuring ventilation along with their advantages and disadvantages.

Ventilation is of primary concern for maintaining healthy indoor air quality and reducing the spread of airborne infectious disease, including COVID-19. In addition to building-level guidelines, increased attention is being placed on room-level ventilation. However, for many universities and schools, ventilation data on a room-byroom basis are not available for classrooms and other key spaces. We present an overview of approaches for measuring ventilation along with their advantages and disadvantages.

The reduced economic and social activities during the Chinese Spring Festival provide a unique experiment to evaluate reductions in anthropogenic NH3 emissions in China. However, quantifying this unique scenario is challenging as meteorology may mask the real changes in observed NH3 concentrations. Here, we applied a machine learning technique to decouple the effects of meteorology and confirmed that the real (deweathered) NH3 concentration dropped to a minimum during the Spring Festival in 2019 and 2020 at both urban (Beijing) and rural (Xianghe) sites on the North China Plain.

The reduced economic and social activities during the Chinese Spring Festival provide a unique experiment to evaluate reductions in anthropogenic NH3 emissions in China. However, quantifying this unique scenario is challenging as meteorology may mask the real changes in observed NH3 concentrations. Here, we applied a machine learning technique to decouple the effects of meteorology and confirmed that the real (deweathered) NH3 concentration dropped to a minimum during the Spring Festival in 2019 and 2020 at both urban (Beijing) and rural (Xianghe) sites on the North China Plain.

A general feature in the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) concentrations is a morning spike that typically occurs around 07:00 to 10:00 (LST). Current hypotheses to explain this morning’s NH3 increase remain elusive, and there is still no consensus whether traffic emissions are among the major sources of urban NH3. Here, we confirmed that the NH3 morning pulse in urban Beijing is a universal feature, with an annual occurrence frequency of 73.0% and a rapid growth rate (>20%) in winter.

A general feature in the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) concentrations is a morning spike that typically occurs around 07:00 to 10:00 (LST). Current hypotheses to explain this morning’s NH3 increase remain elusive, and there is still no consensus whether traffic emissions are among the major sources of urban NH3. Here, we confirmed that the NH3 morning pulse in urban Beijing is a universal feature, with an annual occurrence frequency of 73.0% and a rapid growth rate (>20%) in winter.

Oxygen (18O/16O) and deuterium (D/H) isotopes are a widespread tool to trace physical and chemical processes in hydrology and biogeosciences. Precision and throughput are key parameters for water isotope analysis. Here, we will present two new methodologies for the Picarro L2130-i Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) water isotope analyzer that allow the user to increase the throughput with compromising data quality.

Oxygen (18O/16O) and deuterium (D/H) isotopes are a widespread tool to trace physical and chemical processes in hydrology and biogeosciences. Precision and throughput are key parameters for water isotope analysis. Here, we will present two new methodologies for the Picarro L2130-i Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) water isotope analyzer that allow the user to increase the throughput with compromising data quality.

Oxygen (18O/16O) and deuterium (D/H) isotopes are a widespread tool to trace physical and chemical processes in hydrology and biogeosciences. Precision and throughput are key parameters for water isotope analysis. Here, we will present two new methodologies for the Picarro L2130-i Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) water isotope analyzer that allow the user to increase the throughput with compromising data quality.

Spectroscopic instruments are becoming increasingly popular for measuring the isotopic composition and fluxes of a wide variety of gases in both field and laboratory experiments. The popularity of these instruments has created a need for automated multiplexers compatible with the equipment. While there are several such peripherals commercially available, they are currently limited to only a small number of samples (≤16), which is insufficient for some studies.

Spectroscopic instruments are becoming increasingly popular for measuring the isotopic composition and fluxes of a wide variety of gases in both field and laboratory experiments. The popularity of these instruments has created a need for automated multiplexers compatible with the equipment. While there are several such peripherals commercially available, they are currently limited to only a small number of samples (≤16), which is insufficient for some studies.

Agricultural peatlands are estimated to emit approximately one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands, but the temporal dynamics and controls of these emissions are poorly understood, particularly for nitrous oxide (N2O). We used cavity ring-down spectroscopy and automated chambers in a drained agricultural peatland to measure over 70,000 individual N2O, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes over 3 years.

Agricultural peatlands are estimated to emit approximately one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands, but the temporal dynamics and controls of these emissions are poorly understood, particularly for nitrous oxide (N2O). We used cavity ring-down spectroscopy and automated chambers in a drained agricultural peatland to measure over 70,000 individual N2O, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes over 3 years.

Privacy curtain contamination, including with multidrug-resistant organisms, and the associated infection transmission risks have been well described; however, current approaches for addressing these risks and available guidance are limited. The present study describes the successful reduction of curtain contamination in five different units within a tertiary care hospital utilizing continuous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP™). Microbial load was reduced by 99.47 percent on Day 1 and statistically significant reductions were maintained throughout the 28-day study.

Privacy curtain contamination, including with multidrug-resistant organisms, and the associated infection transmission risks have been well described; however, current approaches for addressing these risks and available guidance are limited. The present study describes the successful reduction of curtain contamination in five different units within a tertiary care hospital utilizing continuous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP™). Microbial load was reduced by 99.47 percent on Day 1 and statistically significant reductions were maintained throughout the 28-day study.

https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rcm.9078
https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.9078

https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rcm.9078
https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.9078

The internal CO2 gradient imposed by mesophyll conductance (gm) reduces substrate availability for C3 photosynthesis. With several assumptions, estimates of gm can be made from coupled leaf gas exchange with isoflux analysis of carbon ∆13C‐gm and oxygen in CO2, coupled with transpired water (H2O) ∆18O‐gm to partition gm into its biochemical and anatomical components.

The internal CO2 gradient imposed by mesophyll conductance (gm) reduces substrate availability for C3 photosynthesis. With several assumptions, estimates of gm can be made from coupled leaf gas exchange with isoflux analysis of carbon ∆13C‐gm and oxygen in CO2, coupled with transpired water (H2O) ∆18O‐gm to partition gm into its biochemical and anatomical components.

A total of 2 to 3 million tons of spring water flushes out from the foot of Mt. Fuji, the largest volcanic mountain in Japan. Based on the concept of piston flow transport, residence time of stored groundwater at Mt. Fuji was estimated at  ∼  15–30 years by the 36Cl ∕ Cl ratio (Tosaki et al., 2011). This range, however, represents the average residence time of groundwater that was mixed before it flushed out.

A total of 2 to 3 million tons of spring water flushes out from the foot of Mt. Fuji, the largest volcanic mountain in Japan. Based on the concept of piston flow transport, residence time of stored groundwater at Mt. Fuji was estimated at  ∼  15–30 years by the 36Cl ∕ Cl ratio (Tosaki et al., 2011). This range, however, represents the average residence time of groundwater that was mixed before it flushed out.

Catchment response to precipitation is often investigated using two-component isotope-based hydrograph separation, which quantifies the contribution of precipitation (i.e., event water Qe) or water from storage (i.e., pre-event water Qpe) to total discharge (Q) during storm events. In order to better understand streamflow-generating mechanisms, two-component hydrograph separation studies often seek to relate the event-water fraction Qe∕Q to storm characteristics or antecedent wetness conditions.

Catchment response to precipitation is often investigated using two-component isotope-based hydrograph separation, which quantifies the contribution of precipitation (i.e., event water Qe) or water from storage (i.e., pre-event water Qpe) to total discharge (Q) during storm events. In order to better understand streamflow-generating mechanisms, two-component hydrograph separation studies often seek to relate the event-water fraction Qe∕Q to storm characteristics or antecedent wetness conditions.

Sumatra Squalls, organized bands of thunderstorms, are the dominant mesoscale convective systems during the intermonsoon and southwest monsoon seasons in Singapore. To understand how they affect precipitation isotopes, we monitored the δ value of precipitation daily and continuously (every second and integrated over 30 s) during all squalls in 2015. We found that precipitation δ18O values mainly exhibit a “V”‐shape pattern and less commonly a “W”‐shape pattern.

Sumatra Squalls, organized bands of thunderstorms, are the dominant mesoscale convective systems during the intermonsoon and southwest monsoon seasons in Singapore. To understand how they affect precipitation isotopes, we monitored the δ value of precipitation daily and continuously (every second and integrated over 30 s) during all squalls in 2015. We found that precipitation δ18O values mainly exhibit a “V”‐shape pattern and less commonly a “W”‐shape pattern.

A fundamental challenge in plant physiology is independently determining the rates of gross O2 production by photosynthesis and O2 consumption by respiration, photorespiration, and other processes. Previous studies on isolated chloroplasts or leaves have separately constrained net and gross O2 production (NOP and GOP, respectively) by labeling ambient O2 with 18O while leaf water was unlabeled. Here, we describe a method to accurately measure GOP and NOP of whole detached leaves in a cuvette as a routine gas-exchange measurement.

A fundamental challenge in plant physiology is independently determining the rates of gross O2 production by photosynthesis and O2 consumption by respiration, photorespiration, and other processes. Previous studies on isolated chloroplasts or leaves have separately constrained net and gross O2 production (NOP and GOP, respectively) by labeling ambient O2 with 18O while leaf water was unlabeled. Here, we describe a method to accurately measure GOP and NOP of whole detached leaves in a cuvette as a routine gas-exchange measurement.

High-resolution data on a field scale is very important for improving our understanding of hydrological processes. This is particularly the case for water-demanding agricultural production systems such as rice paddies, for which water-saving strategies need to be developed. Here we report on the application of an in situ, automatic sampling system for high-resolution data on stable isotopes of water (18O and 2H).

High-resolution data on a field scale is very important for improving our understanding of hydrological processes. This is particularly the case for water-demanding agricultural production systems such as rice paddies, for which water-saving strategies need to be developed. Here we report on the application of an in situ, automatic sampling system for high-resolution data on stable isotopes of water (18O and 2H).

In older persons, muscle loss is accelerated during physical inactivity and hypoenergetic states, both of which are features of hospitalization. Protein supplementation may represent a strategy to offset the loss of muscle during inactivity, and enhance recovery on resumption of activity. We aimed to determine if protein supplementation, with proteins of substantially different quality, would alleviate the loss of lean mass by augmenting muscle protein synthesis (MPS) while inactive during a hypoenergetic state.

In older persons, muscle loss is accelerated during physical inactivity and hypoenergetic states, both of which are features of hospitalization. Protein supplementation may represent a strategy to offset the loss of muscle during inactivity, and enhance recovery on resumption of activity. We aimed to determine if protein supplementation, with proteins of substantially different quality, would alleviate the loss of lean mass by augmenting muscle protein synthesis (MPS) while inactive during a hypoenergetic state.

Raindrops interact with water vapour in ambient air while sedimenting from the cloud base to the ground. They constantly exchange water molecules with the environment and, in sub-saturated air, they evaporate partially or entirely. The latter of these below-cloud processes is important for predicting the resulting surface rainfall amount. It also influences the boundary layer profiles of temperature and moisture through evaporative latent cooling and humidity changes. However, despite its importance, it is very difficult to quantify this process from observations.

Raindrops interact with water vapour in ambient air while sedimenting from the cloud base to the ground. They constantly exchange water molecules with the environment and, in sub-saturated air, they evaporate partially or entirely. The latter of these below-cloud processes is important for predicting the resulting surface rainfall amount. It also influences the boundary layer profiles of temperature and moisture through evaporative latent cooling and humidity changes. However, despite its importance, it is very difficult to quantify this process from observations.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) often co-exist in urban environments at levels that are hazardous to health. There is a demand for a solution to the problem of their combined removal. In this paper, we investigate catalysts, adsorbents and composites for their removal efficiency (RE) toward HCHO and NO2, in the context of creating a pollution control device (PCD). Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry and cavity ring-down spectrometry are used to measure HCHO, and chemiluminescence and absorbance-based monitors for NO2.

Carbon content constitutes a major fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and directly influences the earth’s climate and human health. The stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) can be used to track potential sources and atmospheric processes of carbonaceous aerosols. Previously, determination of δ13C was always conducted in offline carbonaceous aerosol samples. The poor time-resolution results cannot provide information regarding the temporal evolution of δ13C at a short-time scale.

As part of manufacturing a sterile drug product, we quantified the impact of H2O2 sorption by polymers  on the duration of aeration in pharmaceutical decontamination. Five polymers, which are typically used as materials/parts in sterile isolators, were investigated: polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Silicone, polyoxymethylene (POM), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Experiments were performed to estimate the storage capacity and diffusion coefficients of H2O2 in the polymer. Considering these key properties of

As part of manufacturing a sterile drug product, we quantified the impact of H2O2 sorption by polymers  on the duration of aeration in pharmaceutical decontamination. Five polymers, which are typically used as materials/parts in sterile isolators, were investigated: polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, Silicone, polyoxymethylene (POM), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Experiments were performed to estimate the storage capacity and diffusion coefficients of H2O2 in the polymer. Considering these key properties of

We developed regression models for designing rapid and effective H2O2 decontamination processes in the manufacturing of sterile drug products such as injectables. Decontamination, which is typically performed by using H2O2, is a critical changeover process used to establish a sterile environment for filling products. In the process, there is a = trade-off relationship between the duration of the process and the level of sterility assurance that needs to be considered in the design.

We developed regression models for designing rapid and effective H2O2 decontamination processes in the manufacturing of sterile drug products such as injectables. Decontamination, which is typically performed by using H2O2, is a critical changeover process used to establish a sterile environment for filling products. In the process, there is a = trade-off relationship between the duration of the process and the level of sterility assurance that needs to be considered in the design.

Isolators are commonly used in filling operations of pharmaceutical products. To ensure an aseptic inner environment, isolators are regularly sterilized with vaporized hydrogen peroxide. However, despite extensive purging with air, some residual H2O2 remains within the isolator atmosphere and may thus end up in the liquid pharmaceutical drug product, which subsequently may cause oxidation and impact the product’s safety and efficacy. We aimed to evaluate the extent of this phenomenon and to model it.

A monoclonal antibody drug product (DP) manufacturing process was transferred to a different production site, where aseptic filling took place within an isolator that was sanitized using vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP). A quality-by-design approach was applied for study design to understand the impact of VPHP uptake in the isolator on DP quality. A combination of small-scale and manufacturing-scale studies was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the monoclonal antibody to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as VPHP uptake mechanisms during the filling process.

A monoclonal antibody drug product (DP) manufacturing process was transferred to a different production site, where aseptic filling took place within an isolator that was sanitized using vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP). A quality-by-design approach was applied for study design to understand the impact of VPHP uptake in the isolator on DP quality. A combination of small-scale and manufacturing-scale studies was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the monoclonal antibody to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as VPHP uptake mechanisms during the filling process.

Atmospheric sulfate aerosols have important impacts on air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. However, current air-quality models generally underestimate the rate of conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate during severe haze pollution events, indicating that our understanding of sulfate formation chemistry is incomplete. This may arise because the air-quality models rely upon kinetics studies of SO2 oxidation conducted in dilute aqueous solutions, and not at the high solute strengths of atmospheric aerosol particles.

To improve our understanding of chlorine chemistry indoors, reactive chlorine species such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) must be analyzed using fast time-response measurement techniques. Although well studied outdoors, sources of HCl indoors are unknown. In this study, mixing ratios of gaseous HCl were measured at 0.5 Hz in the indoor environment using a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument. The CRDS measurement rate provides a major advance in observational capability compared to other established techniques.

The North China Plain has been identified as a global hotspot for ammonia (NH3). To date, NH3 surface observations in the region have mostly been obtained by passive samplers with a time resolution of weeks (e.g., AMoN-China), and few studies have been performed with fast-response instruments. Thus, the detailed temporal variations of NH3 concentrations are still unclear in the region.

The North China Plain has been identified as a global hotspot for ammonia (NH3). To date, NH3 surface observations in the region have mostly been obtained by passive samplers with a time resolution of weeks (e.g., AMoN-China), and few studies have been performed with fast-response instruments. Thus, the detailed temporal variations of NH3 concentrations are still unclear in the region.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers are a critical missing component of current global GHG models.
Their exclusion is mainly due to a lack of in-situ measurements and a poor understanding of the spatiotemporal
dynamics of GHG production and emissions, which prevents optimal model parametrization. We combined simultaneous
observations of porewater concentrations along different beach positions and depths, and surface
fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide at a plot scale in a large regulated river during three water stages: rising, falling,

Methane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 23 times larger than that of carbon dioxide. Characterizing ecosystems as either sources or sinks for methane and their magnitudes informs on biosphere contributions to the global CH4 budget and to warming of the atmosphere. We quantified methane fluxes for the first time in a neotropical alpine páramo (Valle de Los Conejos, Chirripó Massif, Costa Rica) and examined the relationships of these fluxes with topography, soil moisture and vegetation, during the transition from dry to rainy season.

The effects of climate change appear to be amplified in mountains compared with lowland areas, with rapid changes in plant community composition, soil properties, and increased substrate for biological development following retreat of glaciers. Associated soil gaseous fluxes in alpine ecosystems contribute to the global balance of greenhouse gases, but methane and carbon dioxide soil fluxes and their controls are not well known.

The effects of climate change appear to be amplified in mountains compared with lowland areas, with rapid changes in plant community composition, soil properties, and increased substrate for biological development following retreat of glaciers. Associated soil gaseous fluxes in alpine ecosystems contribute to the global balance of greenhouse gases, but methane and carbon dioxide soil fluxes and their controls are not well known.

Differentiating microbial, anthropogenic, and thermogenic sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in background air is an important element of understanding
upper ocean ecosystem processes. Here we present isotopic data of carbon dioxide and methane from the Fleur de Passion sailing research vessel which traveled from Dakar (Senegal) to Carbo Verde, the Azores, and to France between April and October 2019 as part of the larger Ocean Mapping Expedition by the Geneva based NPO Fondation Pacifique.

Differentiating microbial, anthropogenic, and thermogenic sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in background air is an important element of understanding
upper ocean ecosystem processes. Here we present isotopic data of carbon dioxide and methane from the Fleur de Passion sailing research vessel which traveled from Dakar (Senegal) to Carbo Verde, the Azores, and to France between April and October 2019 as part of the larger Ocean Mapping Expedition by the Geneva based NPO Fondation Pacifique.